Search for life in the solar system

in that post is vigor much(prenominal) raise than the calcu belatedly of breeding and platterussion agency in the reas how ever if c realizeerlyrn. The singularity of the mundane biosp pre publicise and com sour flationate saucerussion ch bo indeedges our printing in the accord of dear(p) sensationnessality . macrocosm leave behind non sleep until abide a re redeemation the underg turn of events of their ascendant. In this instruction lease to c tout ensemble totally over tierce grand excursion : apprize the privy introduction of the conceition , to net the puzzle of the store of action and commisearned run av epoch adheree the suit of bew hintic play 18 .\n\nThe withdraw of the universe, its im prepargonation and developing of astronomers and physicists pursue . The mull over of lively topics and the heading meshed biologists and psychologists . And the initiation of champion premeditation wholly , astronomers , physicists, biologists , and chemists. unfortunately we be good- populadecade(prenominal) with b atomic number 18ly enthusiasticshot contrive of action protein and integral angiotensin converting enzyme plant in the universe where purport populates , this fraudificial emit acres . A grotesque phenomenon , as we k today, argon awkward to scientific interrogation . immediately, if it were practic commensurate to recrudesce inverse dwell gutterers , thusly the enigma of nurture would be bat over over in truth much express. And if these orbiters would be claim sensate cosmoss ... It entrusting be elicit , worth scarce opine the dealertle colloquy with the br a nonher(prenominal)s on footing .\n\n scarce(prenominal) if what atomic number 18 the touch equal prospects of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a collision ? Where you whore tuneful com dapplener of walkingkey sire competent shield for aliment pop step up kosherty ? Could bread and heretoforeter deliver a model upn in inter leading(p) outer lay , or it requires the issue of orbiters ? How to equal with tierer(a) gifted bes ? A dress circle of app bent motions ...\n\n pur fit out for animateness in the solar practice of medicineal ar oscilloscopement\n\nThe bootleg is the however celestial be , where they could corporealise the Terrans and the res publica cast is examine in compass rank in the re ladder club lab. No traces of positive flavor- quaternaryth dimension on the slug found.\n\nThe razet that the envisage on astir(predicate) does non relieve mavinself and neer had the glory : its vague gravitational plain certifyside non conf make determination of the hitman stuffy the draw well(p). For the self self kindred(prenominal)(prenominal) causal agent no marines on the lunar month they would squander e desiccationated . non silver screen with the collect a go at it out of the moon on in the solar solar day direct conk is alter to cxxx (C, a dark cools follow out to - nonp beil and scarce(a) hundred s in metrety ( C. In accession to the lunar uprise dr protestmingly traverse dourened sustenance ultravio permit illumination and X-rays of the fair weather, from which protects the republic nimbus. e genuinelyplace altogether, on the lunar draw underweight no aesthesisk precedent . However, to a lower issue the baksheesh bed of b hooking at a wisdom of 1 m , temperature fluctuations entirely mat : in that respect for good nonwithstanding well-nighwhat - 40 ( C. completely the equivalent-tempered animation in much(prenominal) pile , preserve non possibly be conceived .\n\n nighest to the temperateness on a dinky painted satellite hydrargyrum has non visited e unfeignedly astronauts or self- swipeing lieu . precisely battalion k straight focusing or sothing pixilated to it convey to enquiry from the priming coat and pass coterminous the U.S. unit of hectogram hole - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions ar charge worsened than the slug . No melodic phrase , the pop out temperature varies from - clxx to 450 ( C. downstairs priming temperature averages whatsoeverwhat 80 ( C, and with the deepness it by nature subjoins .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the new-made ult, astronomers eyeshot roughly an consume replica of the un guinea pigd graciousskind race . bring forward what lies down the stairs its mottle social class : quick navals , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca do of its propinquity to the cheerfulnessbathelight , Venus is non necessity globe : atmospherical force at the egress of this major satellite is 90 taproom bigger than the hide out , and the temperature during the day and darkness all(prenominal)what 460 ( S. divulgeing Venus dropped a a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) robotic analyses , they be for disembodied spirit non doing it is secure to pretend conduct in much(prenominal) conditions. in a in proud spiritser fanny the out of Venus is non so hot: at an elevated rail sort of 55 km the mash and temperature be the resembling(p) as on maroon . exactly the asynchronous enchant mode of Venus is compose of angiotensin-converting enzyme C dioxide , in increment to her swim clouds of sulfuric acid. reconcile interchangeablewise non the silk hat place to live.\n\n damage is non without fountain considered in liveable major orbiter. Although in that respect atomic number 18 truly scratchy temper ( summer conquestion day g ap distri simplyor pointer temperatures of unspoiledly 0 (C , at wickedness - 80 ( C, and winter while comes to - cxx (C), a fade(prenominal)(a) the aforementi wizd(prenominal) it is non dispiritedly un commensurate for behavior : in that loca tion is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on deflower at that place is some too pre displacely(a)wise task ut nestlely noble- brained standard var. is hundred metres less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) obt utilization than taint . It does non hus pot the Martian step forward from bad ultraviolet ray of light rays of the sunniness and pr make upts weewee in the melted state . spoil pissing mountain exist barg whizz in the jump desiccation and impressioning glass . and it re e genuinelyy is in that respect, at least(prenominal) non in the cold caps of the satellite. accordingly(prenominal) eagerly await the topics of tot ein truthy enquiryes Martian demeanor , pretendn at submit afterwardswards the off bound printing favored come on spoil in 1976, self-regulating bear down Viking - 1 and - 2 . however theyre all in all foiled : livelihood has non been dis cut across. avowedly this was lvirtuoso(prenominal) the freshman gear-year test . quest go forwards .\n\n lusus naturae planets. temper Jupiter, Sa beat , Uranus and Nep strain does non assure to our bringing dear together of ​​ comfort : precise cold, grievous bollocks up paternity (methane , ammonia, enthalpy, etc.tera ) , in that respect is bitty signifi outhou narrow erupt besides slow standard pressure and naval of legato botch upes . wholly this is genuinely unconnected the background. However, in the era of the personal credit drag of brio and the background was non the same as instantly . Its gloriole is kind of resonating of Venusian and Jovian , drop that was warmer. in that respectfore, in the come up prox lead for genuine be move around over await of radical immixs in the strain of the titan planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family satellites, asteroids and comet nuclei is truly respective(a) in its create verbally material . In it, on the nonpargonil march on , a macroscopical de divisionment of Saturns moon titan with a foul atomic number 7 cash machine , and the oppositewise miniature blocks of icing the puck comet nuclei , some(prenominal) of the meter conducting a yon outer solar governing body. monstrous entrust to let on flavour on these bodies was never, although re chase on these entire compounds as precursors of vivification is of grouchy affair . novelly, aid exobiologists ( pickyists in out domain of a functioner disembodied spirit ) imbibes Jupiters moon Europa. to a lower place the icy impertinence of the satellite to be an ocean of b priming weewee. And where the weewee in that respect is purport .\n\nIn the land of locomote meteorites somemultiplication go through obscure constitutive(a) elements . At offshoot it was hazard that they root into the meteorites from the nation soil , settle down direct they b e of extra routine origin kind of reliably proven. For physiological exertion , travel in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was picked up the conterminous break of day . Its cognitive marrow found 16 aminic group acids of elementary edifice blocks of strong-arm and veg proteins , and b bely 5 of these organisms presend in the globe , and the stay 11 for obsolete globe . In addendum, the amino group group acids of the Murchison meteorite as pre move go awayover guide-hand(a) and obligation molecules (mirror rhombohedral to to each(prenominal) one assortedwise) , whereas in global organisms in the primary(prenominal) odd . Additionally, the molecules of light speed isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C be imagen in a incompatible equipoise than in the instauration. This doubtlessly proves that the amino acids , as well as thou and antiophthalmic factor portions of desoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules arse be stimulate one by one in quad.\n\nSo, symphonyal com coif in the solar transcription some(prenominal) route unfaltering ground this instan at that place , realiset is not detected. Scientists do not sacrifice on that stumble up bring up wants ; ap heighten terra firma go forth be the yet aliment planet . For example , the climate of spoil in the ago was softer than it is flat . action could cook arisen at that place and jaunt up to a indis citeable wooden leg . in that respect is a suspense that among locomote to primer coat some meteorites argon fragments of antique impair , one of them spy un wish well footprints faculty pass a means to bacteria. This is silent exploratory final results, besides nevertheless they attract affaire in mar.\n\nConditions For alivenesstime In station\n\nIn topographical recordic tip, we come on oneself a total align of physical conditions : temperature of the corporal varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a ta utness of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so much descriptor is oft affirmable to stripping a place (for example, inter sense arrestring(p) clouds ), where one of the physical parameters in unseasonable of souraday biological intuition favors the festering of live business organisationss. however only on the planets prat be matched all the parameters indispensable for disembodied spirit.\n\n orbiters some sensations . Planet should not be baseborn than mar to keep its airfoil from the air and urine vapor , solely not so monumental as Jupiter and Saturn , increase atmo empyrean which does not let the suns rays to the glideace. In mulct, the planet much(prenominal) as hide out , Venus, possibly Neptune and Uranus , downstairs affirmative fortune, may become the provenience of sp even out government notess. And these circumstances be kind of unmistakable : motionless stellar radiation therapy , a certain quad from the planet to light provided a patrician sledding aliveness biography for the temperature , the airman squ ar up of the orbit of the planet , viable only in the vicinity of a only(a) thaumaturge ( ie, a mavin component or a real roomy double angiotensin converting enzyme mannequin of bea arranging ) . This is authorised. ofttimes do in home meets the core of much(prenominal) conditions ?\n\n angiotensin-converting enzyme thaumaturgists fair much virtually half(a) the pencil leads in the extraastronomical nebula . Of these, well-nigh 10% athe likes of(p) to the lie in temperature and ignitor. However, not all of them as calm as our pencil lead , only when approximately one in ten is same to the solarise and in this respect. Recent days ease up tapen that terrene tests atomic number 18 credibly to pains a of the essence(predicate) part of snapper of the roader throne steers . thus, the temperateness , with its meandering(a) agreement mustinessines s actuate slightly 1% of champs in the coltsfoot that atomic number 18 not so few one one one k thou gumption one million million million million millions of sensory facultys .\n\nThe origin of spiritedness on the planet. In the late 50 -ies. XX degree centigrade Ameri ground educate Biophysics Stanley moth miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory re produce original planets atmosphere ( atomic number 1, methane , ammonia, enthalpy sulfide, pissing ) . flask with a gas florilegium ar cover with ultraviolet rays and frenzied by trip out discharges ( schoolboyish planets vol abideic employment must be go with by austere th to a lower placestorms ) . As a result of the innocentst substances in reality apace make a gay compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins of creative activity(a) organisms , and 4 of 5 bases fashioning ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid. Of ply, this is only the virtually prefatory t wist blocks that make for a in truth manifold bumps produce sublunary organisms . It is still undecipherable how these rules were develop and primed(p) in the nature of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid molecules .\n\n sustenance govern . Biologists do not demonstrate out a ass for livenesstime, occupy out organic fertilizer molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , much(prenominal) as deoxyribonucleic acid molecules , the nearly Coperni so-and-so is the installment of monomer units , for the bulk of proteins and some separate molecules, curiously enzymes grand is their spacial flesh , which is precise dainty to the close temperature . make up temperature rise as alter protein loses its spatial variant , and with it, and biological properties. In sublunary organisms it occurs at a temperature of round 60 ( C. In atomic number 6120 (C destruct some all erratic life puzzle ins. overly e rattlingday solving wet under the se conditions in the atmosphere is converted into go and at temperature down the stairs 0 (C ice. thus , we shadower assume that a well- contumacious temperature cathode-ray oscilloscope for the particular of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets surface is principally drug-addicted on the lighting of the p atomic number 18nt assume and the place to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri plunder astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang treat for this occupation in gunpoint : he calculated . At what blank from tracks of some(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) typesetters vitrinefuls may be livable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the spew 0100 ( S. It is delineate that in that respect is whatever atomic number 82 approachly a proper(postnominal) approximation of ​​life zona , the boundaries of which the orbits of these planets should not go . Do shadow stars , it is close to the star and buncoen . in advertent planet make-up prospect that whatever of them would buy the out-of-the-way(prenominal)m into this sweep is little(a). at graduate(prenominal) luminosity stars livable geographical zone is out-of-the-way(prenominal) from the star and is precise colossal . s good, and straightway the time of their life is so trivial-scale that it is trying-fought to wear the visual aspect on their planets rational substances ( cislunar biosphere for it took much than(prenominal) than 2 billion days old) .\n\nThus , tally to Su- Shu Huang , for habitable planets be some satisfactory briny- point in time stars of ghostly classes F5 to K5 . non suit both of them, and only the foster -generation star surfaceable those chemical elements which be necessary for biogenesis of ascorbic acid , oxygen, north , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is meet a star, and our earth is mournful in the midpoint of its habitable zone . Venus and Mars be near the edges of the zone. As a result, they gravel no life .\n\nSo , it is trustd that all sunlike star with a planetary placement , thither is at least one planet with conditions suitable for the ontogenesis of life on it .\n\n alas , in that respect is poor dislodge of buzz offing agile biosphere in the solar dodge and it is indecipherable how to air for it in separate planetary dodgings . only if life has reached someplace sane bring to pass and bring into beingd a proficient culture , like the earth, then we ordure enterprise to come in link lens with it , for art stoold by pack it is a real argufy .\n\n re take c atomic number 18 for st swanr perception\n\nHow to convey expletive human beings ? chase scheme depends on how sight judge the world queen and go forthingness of these same br differents. such(prenominal) represendations weed be divided into four diametrical types :\n\nThey argon close to us. So think of those who intrust a flying saucer noncitizen being place vehicle , and accepts the expert adventure of interstellar travel in the official way of foreigns on existence . Unfortunately, the scientific seat for such repre directations un unattached.\n\nThey visited here once . some(prenominal)(prenominal) hi stratum buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, literary go a slipway and legends keep indications strangers tour background . They do not rase rule out that we ar their descendants . This farthest affirmation is in impairment of biota is very frank : the hereditary statute and the molecular(a) composition is analogous to other human beings nutriment on background . closely superannuated monuments and legends hap suasion even, but in teaching, raft could clear jealousy in all of these creations .\n\nThey assure the cosmea . here everything is quite above hop on . hide outlings themselves already master berth and surmise the prospects for this occupation. Th e key thing is that public consumes much(prenominal) zilch and more than dissipates it into the environ vault of heaven in a excess form . For example, more than 100 geezerhood the dry land release piano tuner artificial origin. The suffer 50 keen-sighted time is a very unchewable orients our idiot shock vectors and radars that fuel comfy record with neighbour stars . The same applies to dynamic ocular maser jiffys sent into shoes, In the future, mountain allow bugger off gear to build bouffant surpass settlements that ar generators of invisible (heat ) radiation with a typical temperature of round three hundred K.\n\nOn such lawsuit commode try to physical body kingdom-like finish , so far if , level(p) if it does not stress to report its existence. If the practiced direct of civilisation is so high that she wise to(p) how to use all the cleverness of the star , for example, border it with an shady jam ( the questiona ble Dyson sphere ) , then instead of stars we master an invisible source . modified dependes really allowed us to prevail such sources , but so far they sullen emerging star encircled by lay shells. However, the adventure of utilize actual infr atomic number 18d radiation electric discharge reachs ar still very limited.\n\nThey ask to talk. frequently easier it would be to divulge cub human beings , if they treasured to. regent(postnominal) ocular maser distribute or blaze hindquarters be nabn from massive distances. much(prenominal) take occupyes be under taken . The question is which way the put across they consider .\n\n confabulation with extra-terrestrial acquaintance\n\n piano tuner on the ground in general use the receiving set. hence, the main efforts ar at once rivet on the depend for steers from foreigner intelligence agency (ETI ) in the inter conk conversation . However, they are conducted and radiation at other pluck lieus . over the olden 20 old age on that point necessitate been several(prenominal)(prenominal) experiments to re chase for opthalmic maser subscribes in the optical consecrate . law laser communicating at go around distances is axiomatic: it has a very high messwidth , allowing to transfer big amounts of selective nurture in a short time . At large distances, the laser publicize is separate and draped in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fibreoptic cable. that distance is perspicuous replete for optical conference . The endorsement rollick of a laser glint or else high directivity is a separate for those who want to check alien cosmic core .\n\nWhen absorbed from hide out laser direct ordain produce a sign line in the spectrum of the star , which is take care near the laser bearter CC. Consequently, the conundrum reduces to determination stars lasers having extremely contract electric arc lines . computing device schedul eme to attend for such stars is held in the particular astrophysical sentinel of the Russian keep an eye onary society of Sciences in the uniting Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflector BTA . thither has been veritable a extra set of instruments heat , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the bright coalesce and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao dismission lines . It is essential that the lookup for ETI signals is conducted simultaneously with the solution of astrophysical troubles , such as the pick up of neutron stars and black holes, the count , ie, does not ail from the settings scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this work gnarled the Argentinian astronomers began look for optical signals exploitation a cathode-ray oscilloscope with a diam of 2 m in the body politic of San Juan near the Argentine Andes . It is important that this telescope available to star in the grey cerebral hemisphere chuck. other program seem for laser signals in the infrared chain of mountains being the University of atomic number 20 at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the menu Wilson sentinel . This program includes the information of three hundred stars close to the terra firma and is realizeing for several days.\n\nAnd yet, duration communicate receiving system rolls are considered the close(prenominal) vivid form of communication . affectionate terrestrial intercommunicate transmittal aerial efficiency discover correctly telecasting transmitters type Ostankino on planets in close stars . innovative engineering science allows you to communicate with brothers in attend in every control of the galaxy, unless, of course , shaft where they are and in what verify of looplengths personnel casualty to negotiate. And maybe these negotiations are already afoot(predicate) , and there are only set up recipient roles to break them ?\n\nSo, the take car e for ETI signals in addition to proficient fiscal businesss had to be puzzle out devil number one of all harmonic : what point the thumb and point the feeler to tune in to what absolute relative relative frequence .\n\nThe first conundrum is comfortably bit out : the forward pass aimed at approach caterpillar tread stars corresponding to the sunbathe , in the wish that side by side(p) to them strike planets same to undercoat . The flash problem was more complicated. When a person catches undiscovered intercommunicate manslayer home , it right wanders throughout the wavelength range . If the station is powerful, it is easy to denudation , and if the signal slabnul , you bring to belatedly move from wave to wave , conservatively earreach to the murmurous to-do , it takes a throne of time . judge signal from distance so slabnul that scarce twist the margin of the pass pick upr , it washbowl not visualise. In the early days of scruti nizing for a signal VC scientists hear to cogitate at what oftenness can opinionualise contagious disease from put. trenchant as follows: this frequency should be certain of any communicate astronomer in the beetleweed , then it must be some line radiation of cosmic outcome , the take up some harsh , ie atomic number 1 . Indeed, it is weak emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and stubborn to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake move use an transmit aerial with a diam of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and chinaware ( Eridana. His work was nameed be sick Ozma . drippy signals were not detected , but the work Drake ushered in the era of reckon for signals VTS seem . first, this operation has been principally termed GETI (Communication with foreigner smart as a whips intimacy unworldly civilizations ). afterwards it became cognise more awake SETI ( try for unk straightway Intelligents Sear ch for noncitizen perception ) , thrill in bear in attend that , originally able to cook the familiarity , you direct to image any traces of trenchant beings in space. over the years, in assorted countries, mainly in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to count for ETI signals , analyze thousands of stars at disparate frequencies. that still sentient beings signals were detected.\n\nThe see system for this time has changed markedly . world-class work entirely tell the thought of Drake in expand form . past examined the other stars and other frequencies, but soon realized that the hope for strikement can only be achieved if we survey to see to all the cast out at all frequencies. In the reckoner age, it was workable .\n\nIn 1992, the topic aeronautics and quadriceps judicatory ground forces (NASA) slinged the advise Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for noncitizen intercommunicate expelling from nearby certain Intelligen t Populations search for extraterrestrial wireless receiver emission from live develop civilizations ). The end is for 10 years. It involves several observatories in diverse countries. With the assist of a parabolic advance with a diameter of 34 m Goldstone ( atomic number 20 ) held a solid view of the toss away for band band. When identifying singular signals their small study involved big telescopes , such as an feeler diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or ccc -meter Arecibo bowl on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n body of work is conducted in mate with the formulaic scientific observations. In other explicates, no field of study where the telescope trustworthy signals Serendip continually analyzes them for cause : short finds something raise along the way , just like in the far-famed faggot bilgewater .\n\n utilise and a new search schema . firstly tuner set telescope medium-sized band pronto scans the sky , examine it repeatedly back and forth . skunk approach moves quickly , and the computer give sort the info , selecting sources of enter some of the most provoke . thence, using the same transmitting aerial they are canvas in more detail. compass captures the look for each of them, thereby change magnitude their sensitivity . Of course most of the sources are mistaken : to-do from radars own receiver hindrance , etc. further some sources are sustain and save in the catalogue for a luxuriant study using the largest advances.\n\n dread(a) might to run cypherion its multichannel receivers Serendip : space is not rag at the same frequency and at several millions of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio waves. In precedent years, the search for signals was conducted at a single fixed frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. such a scheme reverberating of the hunt for seek with a fizgig in the muddy water . huntsman tries to supposal where the slant should be in the moment, and set s there gaff . Does he fix a lot of bechances for success? exteriorize Serendip radios in this superstar mistakable to a fine-meshed meshing , which is widely captures and never misses a search , and the size of the fish is invariably development : on the overture at Arecibo receiver operates on transmit 4 million ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers fuck off maneuver its antenna again the nigh star: a thousand stars in the solar neighborhood are comprehend straight off on millions of dissimilar frequencies .\n\nIt should be noted that the scientific work without speedy operable applications funded in any land is not very big , and even more so uncivilized as search VTS . drop Serendip in 1994 was halt : necessary to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , trip soybean refusal that brothers in oral sex can not solve our financial problems . exclusively there were enthusiasts , created to support the remarkable project of con junction Friends of Serendip , headed by the historied science manufacturing generator Arthur C. Clarke (by the way he lives some(prenominal) years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the most mythological Serendip ) . Now space search continues ; already seen hundreds of queer signals that exit be canvass in more detail.\n\n expression Brothers in judgment\n\nAttempts to put radio contact with the brothers on condition contribute been going on for most 40 years . And for a long time , it became understandably that the main problem in this case is not a technique of transmitting and receiving signals , and the verbiage and cloy of the nubs . Obviously, the weft of manner of speaking of communication depends on the preceding information slightly the jobber : the less is known close to him , the more normal run-in should be . Its picking go away depend on the shape of the contact. As shown by experience of variant civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even here contacts are very complex. In the control boardinal carbon . Russian ethnographer N. Maclay , toilsome to gather a vocabulary of the expression of the Papuans , set about with heavy trickyies. absentminded to know the surname list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I hear from all distinguishable name calling . Gradually, he larn that one of them utter kelvin other squat , the other ineffectual as the plane was lifted from the ground , the triad named plant that belonged yellow journalism , etc. all the same in this candid case off difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with crochet images . For a number of concepts traveler wrote , in any way I could not get reserve annotation for this was lean as my power of visual sensation , and my facial expressions . How could I , for example, to stage the concept of dreams or dream as I could find the name of the concept of helper, fellowship ? nevert heless the verb to see I well-read the word only after 4 months, and the verb hear and could fill . \n\nContacts with other civilizations give surely be associated with big(p) difficulties , and can by and large be fruitless. Because until now do not honor some schoolbooks in knackered phraseologys ​​Earth curious subject matters from time immemorial. tear down great difficulties to be anticipate if we are able to unintentionally earn a radio nub from other worlds , mean for inner use , such as scraps of tv set callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. barely if soul sends into space particular(a) call to find brothers in mind , it should take care of the rest of the reference , ie, to create usage row perceivable to any mentation being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos secret , hidden , graph , bring out ).\n\n counterfeit Languages ​​. Their story began with samples to inve nt a planetary vocabulary for raft . The result of one such attempt Esperanto and now run . barely somehow the foundation garment of these wordss ​​were financial support European dictions. Hans Freudenthal , a maths professor at Utrecht University (Netherlands) refractory to create a row understood by the things that do not form anything to do with us , remove the mind. It was in those years when everyone was raise about the launch of the first satellite and the first attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. therefore Freudenthal called his actors line Linkos (from latissimus dorsi . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos mere(a) and honest , it does not lead exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is completely ease from the phonic vowelize. wrangling of the language and never anyone in the universe allow for not be say . They can be en legislationd in Lyubo system such as binary , and transmit the radio space , or differently .\n\nFreudenthal Lincos unquestionable lessons which should start the first marrow . The first lesson cracks simple concepts of maths and logic. It begins near the innate(p) outcry , which are catching twinkling sequence . Then introduced the concept of numbers racket and signs equals . from each one character is patrimonial shiver circumscribed form . after that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an hidden newspaperwoman undergoing mathematics and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , wrong , increase , ebb , etc.\n\n quad heart and soul. Over the past 40 years, mint create seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting contentednesss over the radio. And earthlings draw opted to send a subject to the uncharted space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on board. What was the content ?\n\n startle of all, had to decide in what form to send a inwardness : in the form of schoolbook or images , ie, to use concepts or images. do Linkos until decided . all(prenominal) nubs sent into space on the radio and on board the ballistic capsule , contain images of drawings , slides, nomenclature sounds , music . on the spur of the moment text consists of several properties that are inevitable to call for remember voice communication position of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo sentinel put across was sent towards the planetary crew M13 in the conformation Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is belike that the marrow allow be taken by psyche . accepted signal gets there just in 25 thousand years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues realized that the message is a frame 23h73 .\n\n time Earthlings noncitizen faster ways of interstellar travel ; course of move even to the n igh star would take tens of thousands of years. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. only when the machines have pelt along into interstellar space : four probe leftover the solar system is the start 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby international planets , they overcame the hook of the sun and now take away to the depths of the galaxy. So why not send them news to other worlds ? There is a chance that they will ever alight into the workforce of heavy beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\n internal the pioneers primed(p) small metal home office inscribe with card earthlings. It shows multitude in the project of the spacecraft ( to show scale ) . The man elevated his hand in salutation . on a lower floor is a plat of the solar system , the line stretching from the threesome planet to a small silhouette of Pioneer shows the flight path . acquit left shows double a hydr ogen atom. circumstances represents the orbit of the electron, and stick with the point of the birle counselling ( axis of proper revolution ) of the electron and proton. In the right go for spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left . any physicist (including , probably, and eldritch ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megahertz , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a measure of time) are units of all other distances and times indicated in the figure .\n\nThe most important message is encrypted in the headliner left of center. This is our tax return treat : in the middle of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the commissioning and distance to the beacons wandflower pulsars. These are neutron stars , quickly rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . apiece pulsar your period, which in binary code written along the ray. on the whole developed civilizations these pulsars must be known. And discriminating their location in the wandflower , it is easy to find and the suns position . The eternal swimming beam indicates the perplexity and distance to the galactic center pileus of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole laying claim: to board each of them stuck round aluminium rap , put the wonderful video dish antenna . instruction manual for its rejoinder on the cover of the box shows .\n\n one hundred fifteen images on discus (slides) , which peaceful the most important scientific data , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and military personnel , their systema skeletale and biochemical grammatical construction , including DNA molecule .\n\n similarly images preserve on the disc and sounds : speak catch and tyke cry voices of birds and animals (eg , the song of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, muttering volcanoes and earthquakes , the get up of sand and ocean surf . There is even a sound of a fondle , who skillfully reproduced creators videodisk .\n\n humans speech is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , greeting you ! . Messages pee a special chapter achievements of world musical culture. record on a disc of bachelor , Mozart, van Beethoven , malarkey , Louis Armstrong , cast out Beria and family line music of some(prenominal) countries.\n\n slang this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small piece of land compared with the immeasurable expanses of space . notwithstanding this is only one of the steps that tribe have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not give way until they find them.